Server A issues a JWT. Server B validates it 2 seconds later but thinks the token was issued in the future — invalid. Or a token that should be expired is still accepted because the validating server's clock is 5 minutes behind. Clock skew causes authentication failures and security holes.
The startup was running fine at $3,000/month AWS. Then a feature launched, traffic grew, and the bill hit $47,000 before anyone noticed. No alerts. No budgets. No tagging. Just a credit card statement and a very uncomfortable board meeting.
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Your serverless function takes 3-4 seconds on the first request, then 50ms on subsequent ones. This is cold start latency — and it's the #1 complaint about serverless architectures. Here's what causes it, how to measure it, and exactly how to minimize it.